Students may not necessarily exhibit all of these characteristics

• Difficulty with oral expression
• Difficulty with listening comprehension
• Early history of articulation difficulties and/or delayed language
• Difficulty putting sounds together when reading
• Difficulty in relating graphemes and phonemes (Sound/symbol correspondence)
• Inability to segment spoken words into phonemes and syllables
• Inefficient word coding
• Over-reliance on visual memory for word recognition
• Poor reading comprehension due to inability to crack the code
• No impairment in visual processing ability
• Short-term memory deficits for material that can be verbally coded but long-term memory apparently in tact